Gay And Lesbian Community Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Gay And Lesbian Community Essay, Research Paper The community I chose to research is the Gay and Lesbian community. I chose to look at this community because, as I meet more and more people in my life, I have found that I come into contact with many Gay and Lesbian people, and to understand their issues, would be good to a societal worker. As Berkman and Zinberg ( 1997 ) , provinces, societal workers are # 8220 ; susceptible to absorbing the explicit and inexplicit prejudices held by mainstream society. # 8221 ; I personally feel that the more you learn about other communities, its history and its battles, it gives us a broader scope of apprehension and empathy, in which to make our work. Up until the sixtiess, no 1 questioned the thought that the traditional household was the basis of American society and indispensable to its really survival. A traditional household was a adult male and a adult female, married to each other, who had kids together and reared them in a community full of other such households. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay And Lesbian Community Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A household 30 plus old ages ago, meant Mom, Dad, the childs, and on vacations, Grandpa, Grandma, aunts, cousins, and in-laws. In those yearss, a adult male and a adult female didn # 8217 ; T merely travel into an flat and unrecorded together. Occasionally it would happen, but the pattern was non common, and in little town America it about neer happened. In such a universe, so, how were homophiles regarded? First, no one 30 old ages ago thought a batch about homosexualism. It was non a subject that preoccupied the mean American. You didn # 8217 ; t hear it discussed on talk shows or depicted in films. You didn # 8217 ; t see alleged homosexuals pride parades in our major metropoliss. You weren # 8217 ; t bombarded with political dictums on the topic. You didn # 8217 ; Ts have homophiles militantly proclaiming to the general public the properness of what they did in the sleeping room. Certainly outstanding political figures did non denote to the universe that they habitually committed homosexual Acts of the Apostless and were proud of it. If person engaged is such Acts of the Apostless, he or she kept the affair to himself or herself, non merely because there were Torahs against homosexual behavior but besides because the community at big disapproved of it every bit much as it disapproved of any sort of unnatural sexual behaviour. Not merely did society at big disapprove of a homosexual life manner, there were Torahs forbiding such behavior. Sexual behaviour has ever been covered by jurisprudence, non merely in Western society but besides in Eastern society. Laws were put into topographic point to protect the really immature, who were believed to be susceptible to consider corruptness of artlessness. Statutory colza Torahs were instituted to protect male kids against homosexual behavior, as a hedge against the maltreatment of childs by people of the same sex. Other Torahs existed to protect society against public flaunting of immoral behavior. The thought was to forbid the behavior by jurisprudence, and so you won # 8217 ; Ts have to be exposed to it in the public sphere. Coming to the terminal of the sixtiess, homosexual and sapphic groups were jumping up across the United States and Canada, leaping from 15 in 1966 to fifty in 1969 ( D # 8217 ; Emilio, 1983 ) . They no longer wanted to specify themselves in footings left over to them by the heterosexist resistance ; instead, they sought to construct a new homosexual civilization where homosexual people could be free. Civil rights and integrating seemed like eternal beggary for the charity of progressives who handily ignored the mundane physical and psychological force exerted by homophobic society ( Adam, 1987 ) . On the dark of Friday 27 June 1969, New York constabulary raided a Greenwich Village homosexual saloon called the Stonewall. Bar foraies were an American institution-a constabularies rite to # 8220 ; pull off the powerless and disrespectable-and in the predating three hebdomads, five New York homosexual bars had already been raided ( Adam, 1987 ) . What made the stonewall a symbol of a new epoch of homosexual political relations was the reaction of the retarding force Queenss, butchs, street people, and saloon male childs who confronted the constabulary foremost with mockeries and so with a hail of coins, paving rocks, and parking metres. By the terminal of the weekend, the Stonewall saloon had been burned out, but a new signifier of corporate opposition was afoot: cheery release. Gay release neer thought of itself as a civil rights motion for a peculiar minority but as a radical battle to liberate the homosexualism in everyone, disputing the conventional agreements that confined gender to heterosexual monogamous households ( Adam, 1987 ) . Within two old ages from the Stonewall Rebellion, cheery release groups emerged in every major metropolis and campus in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Western Europe ( Dannemeyer, 1989 ) . On three continents, cheery motion in the early 1970s developed along a similar class, with parallel Left-oriented cheery release groups organizing along with more broad civil rights organisations. From the beginning of cheery release, tribades frequently found themselves immensely outnumbered by work forces who were, non surprisingly, preoccupied with their ain issues and ignorant of the concerns of adult females. Many adult females became progressively frustrated as cheery release work forces set up undertaking groups to counter constabulary entrapment, work for sodomy jurisprudence reform, or organized dances that turned out to be 90 percent male ( Dannemeyer, 1989 ) . Men took for granted many of the societal conditions that made it possible for them to be cheery. But lesbians needed to turn to cardinal jobs confronting all women-such as equal chance in employment and force against women-in order to hold sufficient independency to go sapphic. Most work forces had at least the fiscal independency of pay labour and a well-developed commercial scene to fall back on, whereas many adult females were fighting to derive a bridgehead in employment and create topographic points wher e tribades could be together. In a motion that was supposed to send on their cause, lesbians grew angry at holding to give clip and energy to # 8220 ; reminding # 8221 ; work forces of their being. Many tribades suspected that cheery work forces would be happy to accept the topographic point suiting their sex and category while go forthing the system of male domination integral. As Marie Robertson stated to the Canadian National Gay Rights Coalition, # 8220 ; Gay release, when we get right down to it, is the battle for cheery work forces to accomplish blessing for the lone thing that separates them from the # 8216 ; Man # 8221 ; # 8212 ; their sexual penchant # 8221 ; ( Robertson 1982, 177 ) . The paradox of the 1970s was that homosexual and sapphic release did non bring forth the gender-free universe it envisioned, but faced an unprecedented growing of cheery capitalist economy and a new maleness. While arguments raged inside the motion, the actions of homosexual liberationists and sapphic womens rightist entered a larger political field, which transformed and expanded the cheery universe in unexpected waies. Another self-contradictory result of cheery release was the enlargement of the homosexual ghetto. The success of the motion in crushing back province direction and repression ; cheery topographic points allowed for a new coevals on busin einsteiniums oriented to a homosexual market. Within a decennary, every major metropolis in North America and Western Europe had a new scope of bars and sweat rooms, eating houses and discos, travel agents and dress shops, attorneies and life insurance companies, societal services and doctors, who catered specifically to a homosexual patronage ( Altman, 1980 ) . One of these countries is Greenwich Village in New York City, where one can witness openly homosexual and sapphic people in a scene that is accepting of them and their picks. Take a walk down Christopher Street from Sixth Avenue to the West Side Highway and you will meet every resource that a # 8220 ; normal # 8221 ; vicinity has. Here, work forces and adult females feel free to show themselves in ways that they are comfy with, without being afraid of subjugation or inauspicious reaction from others who are non O.K.ing of the manner they are. In the # 8220 ; Village # 8221 ; they are non exposed to abuses that makes them experience as a lesser being. Particularly susceptible are young person that are stigmatized as being aberrant and delinquent ( Herdt, 1989 ) . Even Erik Erikson # 8217 ; s ( 1968 ) work on individuality and young person makes the aberrant image indispensable to and about obligatory for understanding cheery young person. # 8220 ; Negative individuality prevails in the delinquent ( habit-forming, homosexual ) young person of our larger metropoliss, # 8221 ; Erikson ( 1968, 88 ) argued, because of ill will to household and civilization. Merely through complete designation with such aberrant subcultures can relief from abnormal psychology be found for # 8220 ; coteries and packs of immature homophiles, nuts, and societal faultfinders # 8221 ; ( 176 ) . The demand to hold a community in which you are accepted for what you are is a cosmopolitan subject. As the 1980s began homosexuals and sapphic people were once more confronting a crises from an wholly unexpected beginning, with the find of a hitherto unknown fatal virus, which by 1985 claimed more than seven thousand lives, three-quarter of whom were gay work forces ( Kayal, 1993 ) . Lesbians, who were swept along in the prejudiced tide that afflicted cheery work forces following designation of the syndrome, were however spared from the disease itself. That a disease should seemingly pick out certain societal groups and non to others is no surprise to epidemiologist. The virus seemingly responsible for acquired immune lack syndrome ( AIDS ) flourished in blood and seeds, go forthing cheery work forces unambiguously vulnerable to it through seeds transmittal from adult male to adult male. AIDS was foremost brought to wide public consciousness in the summer of 1981. On July 3, the New York Times reported that 41 American homophiles were deceasing from a rare malignant neoplastic disease and infective complications stemming from an unaccountable depression of the immune system. From the beginning, AIDS was socially constructed along a series of moral resistances that defined cheery work forces as disease bearers fouling an guiltless population. Homosexuality, which had merely late been de-labeled as an unwellness, became rapidly remedicalized, with cheery work forces labeled as responsible for their ain predicament and therefore undeserving of understanding. The Christian right was speedy to work the new chance. Jerry Falwell, promoted as an instant expert on the subject by an compeling telecasting web, announced that AIDS was God # 8217 ; s penalty upon homophiles, called upon people with AIDS to be quarantined ( or imprisoned if they had sex with anyone ) , demanded compulsory blood trial for AIDS antibodies and a cardinal file of those proving positive, and urged the shutting of homosexual bathing machines ( Body Politic 96, 1983 ) . Rumors began go arounding in the homosexual imperativeness that AIDS was a virus developed as a biological arm by the CIA. The consequence of media exposure was the beginning of research support and the development of a public terror. Medical forces denied people, who looked homosexual, services. Funeral managers declined to accept the organic structures of people who had died of AIDS. An AIDS-antibody trial was developed, and the U.S. armed forces announced that all military forces would hold to take the trial and those proving positive would be expelled without benefits. The antibody trial alternatively of assisting, merely lead to placing big figure of traditionally stigmatized categories of people, originating a new unit of ammunition of prejudiced patterns. It is a narrative that is still ongoing. Unrecognized by the larger public are 100s of narratives of single gallantry both of people with AIDS and their protagonists # 8212 ; such as the Gay Men # 8217 ; s Health Crisis ( GMHC ) , who have struggled to do the thought of cheery community a world and have ministered to the demands of the beleaguered. Decision The jobs of tribades and cheery work forces populating in modern societies will non be merely solved through public instruction or good will. The on-going undertaking of adult females and cheery people, every bit good as many other subordinated peoples, can merely be to force for the democratisation of the communicating industry in order to get the better of the capitalist or province disposal of thoughts and to review media discourses so profoundly infused with machoism, militarism, and consumerism. Any group of people earnestly interested in societal alteration must see its topographic point in the larger political context and the potency for alliance with other peripheralized peoples. I have learned a great trade about the homosexual and sapphic community and I # 8217 ; m more cognizant of many of the jobs that they face. I know I will non be as judgmental and accusative towards that community as I was. It is of import for a societal worker to hold these accomplishments and I feel comfy in stating that I can overlook a individuals # 8217 ; sexual pick and work with them without any scruples. Bibliography Adam, Barry. 1987. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. G. K. Hall amp ; Co. Boston. Altman, Dennis. 1980. # 8220 ; What changed in the Seventies? # 8221 ; In Homosexuality: Power and Politicss, edited by the Gay Left Collective. London: Allison A ; Busby. Berkman, Cathy S. A ; Zinberg, Gail. 1997. Homophobia and Heterosexism in Social Workers. In G. Castex A ; P. Moore ( Ed ) , Encounters in diverseness. A Social Work Reader ( 78-89 ) . Copley Custom. Massachusetts. Body Politic 96 ( 1983 ) : 21. Gay Community News 13, no. 3 ( 1985 ) : 2. Dannemeyer, Congressman William. 1989. Shadow in the Land, Homosexuality in America. Ignatius Press, San Francisco. D # 8217 ; Emilio, John. 1983. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Erikson, Eric. 1968. Identity, young person and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton. Herdt, Gilbert. 1989. Gay and Lesbian Youth, Emergent Identities, and Cultural Scenes at Home and Abroad. In G. Herdt ( Ed. ) , Gay and Lesbian Youth ( 1-42 ) . Harrington Park Press, Inc. New York. Kayal, Philip. 1993. Bearing Witness. Gay Men # 8217 ; s Health Crisis and the Politicss of AIDS. Westview Press. San Francisco. Robertson, Marie. 1982. # 8220 ; We Need Our Own Banner. # 8221 ; In Flaunting It! Edited by Ed Jackson and Stan Persky. Vancouver: New Star.

Climate in the Northern vs Southern Hemispheres

Climate in the Northern vs Southern Hemispheres You may think that weather is virtually the same worldwide, but on the contrary, the type of weather you experience is somewhat unique to which part of the world you live in. Events like tornadoes, which are commonplace here in the United States, are a rarity in other countries. Storms we call hurricanes are known by another name in the worlds far oceans. And perhaps one of the most well known- which season youre in depends on which hemisphere (which side, north or south, of the equator youre on)- Northern or Southern- you live in. Why do the Northern and Southern Hemispheres see opposite seasons? Well explore this answer, plus other ways their weather is strikingly different from the others.   1. Our Opposite Hemispheres Have Opposite Seasons December may be ... but our neighbors in the Southern Hemisphere rarely ever see snow on Christmas (except in Antarctica) for one simple reason- December begins their summer season.   How can this be? The reason why is the same as why we experience seasons at all- the Earths tilt. Our planet doesnt sit perfectly upright, but rather, leans 23.5 ° from its axis (the imaginary vertical line through Earths center which points toward the North Star). As you may know, this  tilt is what gives us the seasons. It also orients the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in opposite directions so that whenever one points its innermost toward the sun, the other aims away from the sun. Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Winter Solstice December 21/22 June Spring Equinox March 20/21 September Summer Solstice June 20/21 December Fall Equinox September 22/23 March 2. Our Hurricanes and Low-Pressure Systems Spin in Opposite Directions In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis force, a which deflects to the right, gives hurricanes their signature counter-clockwise spin. but spin counter-clockwise. Because Earth rotates to the east, all free-moving objects such as wind, low-pressure areas, and hurricanes are deflected to the right of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemi. Theres a misconception that because of the Coriolis force, even water in bathrooms spirals clockwise down the drain- but this isnt true! Toilet water isnt of a large enough scale for the Coriolis force so its effects on it are negligible.   3. Our Milder Climate Take a moment to compare a map or globe of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres...what do you notice? Thats right! Theres more landmass north of the equator and more ocean to its south. And since we know that water warms and cools more slowly than land does, we can guess that the Southern Hemisphere has a milder climate than the Northern Hemisphere,

Open topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Open topic - Essay Example For Smith, the market will regulate itself through its â€Å"invisible hand† which the government and its regulatory power play no part. In his monumental work â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations† or â€Å"Wealth of Nations† (1776), he argued that individuals pursuing their self-interest are actually good for the larger society. To paraphrase Smith, he contended that â€Å"by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an  invisible hand  to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was not part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. (1776, 364). This idea of Adam Smith’s individual’s pursuit of self-interest to be good for society in general became the driving force of classical capitalist economies. This was however contradicted by John Maynard Keynes. ... These two economists contradicted in a manner that Smith negated the role of government intervention in the economy by solely relying on the market’s â€Å"invisible hand† while Keynes believed that the economy will work at its optimum with the influence and intervention of the government. Analysis While these two economists made two contradicting explanation and suggestion on how economies should work, they are however both correct. For Smith, while it may sound as an oversimplified generalization that the economy is ruled by â€Å"market forces’ invisible hand†, this truth however cannot be denied. We just cannot break the law of market forces that rules the economy. Our own pursuit for our individual success has also been generally good for society for we can contribute more when we are individually productive. For Keynes, his economic precepts has never been truer today with governments intervening in the recent 2009 Financial Crisis to bail out compan ies to save jobs and the economy in general from depression. Contradictory ideas but both are true and only different on its implication on the market and the economy in general. Smith may have explained the harsh reality about the dynamics of the capitalist economy and accepted the fact if individual’s are left on their own, we will be always be driven by our selfish motive. According to Smith, self-interest is not necessarily evil as he contends that our pursuit for self-interest will actually make the economy work efficiently and will be good in the long run. Keynes however made an assertion that this is in fact â€Å"disastrous if we attempt to apply it to the facts of experience† and attempted to temper the selfish and disastrous

Living With Dementia in Nursing Home Dissertation

Living With Dementia in Nursing Home - Dissertation Example ENGDAHL (2013) explains dementia as a kind of illness that is caused by brain disorder. It is caused by failure of some parts of the brain to function properly. The actual cause of failure of the brain functioning is not yet established by the scientists. There is not specific cure of dementia, while its severity intensifies with age. Victims of dementia have problems with thinking and remembering things clearly. Communicating and day to day chores among the victims is also a problem. As elaborated by ELSEVIER (2015) in the book - Confusion and dementia, people living with dementia are also prone to depression, mood swings and cases of aggressiveness. Due to the aspect of forgetting, people suffering from dementia may easily get lost or forget direction, hence going wandering. Over the years, scientists have been studying on the actual cause of the disease, but all in vain. Lack of the appropriate cure of dementia has been a major challenge in the health sectors. However, nursing department has created hope to the issue. The home nursing department has come up with various ways that can be implemented to mitigate the effects of dementia to the victims. These can be summed as living well with dementia in nursing home (CLARKE 2011). The nursing department explains how these patients worsen with age, and the need for personal care and close monitoring of the victims to ensure that their lives are not endangered.

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in leafs

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in leafs Photosynthesis is the process in which light is converted to the chemical energy of sugars. It can be summarized in the following equation : This process occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells which are primarily found in the leaves. Photosynthesis is the building up of sugars using carbon dioxide and water as the raw materials. The energy for the process comes from light and a green pigment called chlorophyll allows the plant to transfer the energy from light to sugar. AIM : To measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in leaf disc. RESEARCH QUESTION : What is the effect of different light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of fresh leaf disc when the other factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis are remained constant? HYPOTHESIS : As the distance of fresh leaf disc from the source of light is increasing (indicate the lower in light intensity),the time taken for the fresh leaf disc to float on the surface of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate will be increase indicate the decreasing in the rate of photosynthesis when the other factors are remained constant. It is because photosynthesis is a light dependent process. At the low light intensities, this may become the limiting factor. Imagine light as a straight line which you can see with your own eyes. A plant typically has chloroplasts within their cells. So this straight line of light comes from the Sun, a natural source. It hits the surface of a green leaf. Firstly, is all of the light absorbed? No because some of the light is reflected off the surface and some light cannot penetrate the surface because it is the wrong wavelength. Most of the light gets in. Does that mean all of the light hits the chloroplasts? No because they are small, so some light rays will miss the chloroplasts all together. It is only the light which hit the chloroplasts which will be used in photosynthesis. So, for the experiment done with a shorter distance between the light source (bulb) and the fresh leaf disc, the leaf receives more light compared to that of longer distance. So theres a higher chance more li ght will hit the chloroplasts and therefore more oxygen and glucose will be produced by the plant. This means the rate of photosynthesis has been increased. However, chloroplasts are sensitive, so if they keep getting hit by light energy, they will eventually become damaged and then the rate of photosynthesis will decline. VARIBLES : Units Range Independent Variables The distance of pineapple leaf disc from the bottom of light bulb/ light intensity. cm 10-60 Dependent Variables The time taken for the pineapple leaf discs to float on the 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. second 314.4-1250.4 Controlled Variables Unit Uncertainties Possible effect(s) on result 1. The number of leaf disc used for each experiment. To make sure the photosynthesis rate for all test is fair and equal within all test. 2. Diameter of each leaf disc used  ± 0.5 The leaf disc is corked by using cork borer and kept constant so that rate of photosynthesis is fair. 3. Concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate. M To constant and make sure the rate of photosynthesis is fair and equal, and concentration do not be part of manipulating factor for rate of photosynthesis. 4. Surrounding temperature of experiment.  °C  ± 0.5 To make sure the temperature is not too high and suitable for optimum rate of photosynthesis. MATERIALS : No Materials Quantity Volume / size 1. Pineapple leaves 6 2. Sodium hydrogen carbonates solution (3%) 240 ml 3. Tap water APPARATUS : No. Apparatus Quantity Volume / size 1 Lamp 6 Standard size 2 New 10 ml syringes 6 10  ± 1 ml 3 Stopwatch 6  ± 0.05cm 4 Cork borer/hole punch 6  ± 8 mm 5 Thermometer 6  ± 0.5  °C 6 Forceps 6 Standard size 7 Measuring cylinder 6 50  ± 0.5 ml 8 Beaker 6 100  ± 10 ml 9 Meter ruler 6  ± 0.05 cm 10. Marking pen 1 Standard size 11. Marking tape 1 Standard size METHOD : The setup apparatus was designed as shown above. This experiment is done at room temperature of about 28  °C in the laboratory. Before other procedures are carried out, all the lights in laboratory are switched off to avoid interference which may affect the result. The distance between the bottom of the light bulb and the surface of laboratory table is adjusted to 10.0 cm; with the assumption that the surface of laboratory table represents the location of 10 pineapple leaf discs before the light is switched on. 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate is measured using measuring cylinder. Then, the 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate is poured inside a 100 ml beaker. From inside the beaker containing 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate, 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate is taken out using new 50 ml syringe. Then, 10 of approximately 8 mm pineapple leaf discs is cut out from the pineapple leaf using cork borer/hole punch to give the same diameter for all 5 discs. Now, your thumb or finger is placed over the small hole at the tip of the syringe and its plunger is slowly pulled out. After each disc is cut out, it is immediately transferred into the 50 ml syringe containing 10 ml of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. After all 10 pineapple leaf discs are transferred into the syringe; the plunger is pushed back inside the syringe. With all the pineapple discs still inside the syringe and your finger or thumb is still at the small hole at the tip of the syringe, the plunger is pushed in and out to compress and expel the air. After that, the content of the syringe was poured into the beaker which contain the rest of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution; minimizing contact with air. The pineapple leaf discs are checked so that they are not on top of each other. Then, the beaker is immediately placed right below the adjusted lamp. The lamp is switched on and the stopwatch is started simultaneously. The time taken for each disc to rise is recorded. Steps 1 to 12 are repeated by varying the light intensity. To vary the light intensity, the distance from the bottom of the bulb to the pineapple leaf disc is varied to 20 cm, 30 cm, 40cm, 50cm and 60 cm. DATA COLLECTION: Distance of the beaker to the light source, d/cm ( ±0.5cm) Time taken for each pineapple leaf discs to float on the surface of 3% sodium hydrogen carbonate for Trial 1, t/s ( ±0.1s) Disc 1 Disc 2 Disc 3 Disc 4 Disc 5 Disc 6 Disc 7 Disc 8 Disc 9 10.0 314.4 346.8 349.8 353.4 354.6 354.6 358.8 360.6 367.2 20.0 473.4 480.6 498.0 512.4 518.4 518.4 526.2 527.4 539.4 30.0 601.2 647.4 648.6 654.6 658.8 674.4 679.2 684.0 690.6 40.0 713.4 718.8 720.6 724.8 725.4 729.6 741.0 741.0 750.0 50.0 849.6 889.8 889.8 901.8 907.2 907.2 907.2 929.4 930.6 60.0 1080.6 1100.4 1135.8 1153.8 1164.6 1181.4 1189.8 1189.8 1206.0 Quantitative Analysis Of Experiment Distance of leaf discs from light source, cm ( ±0.5 cm) Observations 10.0 At the edge of the leaf discs, some bubbles are seen after a few minutes. A lot of bubbles are produced and the leaf discs rise to the surface after a while. 20.0 Some bubbles are released at the edge of the leaf discs after a few minutes. Then, one by one the leaf discs rises to the surface after a few minutes. 30.0 Tiny bubbles are released at the edge of the leaf in a short period of time. After that, the leaf discs from the bottom to the surface. 40.0 The leaf discs rises one by one and float to the surface after quite a long period of time. Bubbles are produced quite slowly at the edge of the leaf discs. 50.0 The production of bubbles is slower and the leaf discs rises to the surface after a long period of time. 60.0 The production of bubbles is very slow and the leaf discs rises to the surface after a very long period of time DATA PROCESSING : The calculation of average time taken for the leaf discs to rise. In order to get the time taken for the leaf disc to rise, an average reading from all ten reading needed to be calculate and the average will be used to calculate the average time taken for the leaf disc to rise. The calculation, are obeying formula as stated below: Based on the formula above, the average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in respective temperature is calculated. The average time taken that has been calculated from above formula is shown below: Temperature of surrounding/ °C Average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in respective temperature. 10 352.74 20 513.48 30 672.72 40 731.64 50 906.06 60 1165.26 Table 1: Calculation Average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in respective temperature. Since we have calculated the average time taken for the leaf disc to rise in the surface of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the next step is to calculate the rate of photosynthesis of the leaf disc. The formula shown below is obeyed: By obeying the formula as shown above, the rate of photosynthesis is calculated and the calculated rate of photosynthesis is shown below: Distance of leaf discs from light source, cm ( ±0.5 cm) Rate of photosynthesis of leaf discs, s-1 10.0 0.002835 20.0 0.001947 30.0 0.001487 40.0 0.001367 50.0 0.001104 60.0 0.000858 From the above calculation, next we need to calculate the standard deviation of the rate of respiration photosynthesis of leaf discs in the different light intensities, and stated as uncertainties if the average time taken itself. The calculation used is using GDC, by following these steps: 1. First press button STAT then press button ENTER 2. Insert the data (in table 2) for 10 °C temperature inside the table then press button ENTER 3. After insert the data press again button STAT then press > to calculate 4. Choose 1-Var Stats then press button ENTER twice 5. ÏÆ'x shows the standard deviation of the time taken for the indicator solution to change colour from purple to greenish for 10  °C temperature. 6. Use all this steps for all the temperature (20 °C, 30 °C, 40  °C, 50  °C, and 60  °C) The data of uncertainties calculated above, is shown below, as calculate: Distance of leaf discs from light source, cm ( ±0.5 cm) Standard deviation 10.0 0.000132 20.0 0.000086 30.0 0.000099 40.0 0.003900 50.0 0.003130 60.0 0.000038 The next calculation involved is calculation of light intensity, which relates the distance of light source from leaf disc, and obeying given formula: And by obeying the formula as stated above, the calculation is as follow: Temperature of surrounding/ °C Working calculation of rate of respiration 10 20 30 40 50 60 Table 2: Calculation of light intensity. DATA PRESENTATION : DISCUSSION : 1. When the light source is 60.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the average time taken for the leaf discs to rise to the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is the longest, which is 1165.26 s. This shows that the rate of photosynthesis of the leaf discs under this light intensity is the lowest, which is 0.00086s-1  ± 0.000038 s-1. When the light is further away from the leaf discs, the chloroplasts can only trap a smaller amount of light to carry out photosynthesis. Thus, when less light is trapped, the rate at which photosynthesis occurs will decrease. 2. When the light source is 50.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the average time taken for the leaf discs to rise to the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution decreases, which is 906.06 s. Hence, the rate of photosynthesis increases, which is 0.00110s-1  ± 0.00313s-1. With the light source closer to the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the chloroplast manages to work with a greater amount of light. This increase in light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. 3. This trend repeats itself when the light source is 40.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. With this increasing light intensity, the chloroplast manages to work with more light and this excites more electrons in the chloroplast and the whole process of photosynthesis occurs at faster rate which is 0.00137s-1  ± 0.00390s-1. 4. When the distance of the light source from the surface of the water is at 30.0 cm and 20.0 cm, the rate of respiration increases with the rate being higher at 20.0 cm away from the surface of the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The light intensity is higher at 20.0 cm compared to 30.0 cm away from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The rate of photosynthesis for 20.0cm and 30.0cm is 0.001947s-1  ± 0.000039s-1 and 0.001487s-1  ± 0.000099s-1. Thus, the rate of photosynthesis is higher when the distance of the light source is 20.0 cm away compared to 30.0 cm from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution surface. 5. When the distance of the light source is 10.0 cm away from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, the rate of photosynthesis is at its highest level. At this level of light intensity, the leaf discs optimize the amount of light which it can use to carry out photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis at this moment is 0.002834s-1  ± 0.000132s-1. The process of photosynthesis takes the least amount of time to occur under this level of light intensity, thus it has the highest rate of photosynthesis. 6. The number of leaf discs used in this experiment is kept constant for all the levels of light intensity. This is to make sure the competition for light remains the same for all levels of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Besides that, the level of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the beaker remains the same for all levels of light intensity so that all the leaf discs rise to the water surface by the same distance so that it will enable the calculations to be standardized. The temperature of the surroundings are kept constant for all levels of light intensity so that it does not cause any form of deviation in the sense that it will have an effect on the rate of photosynthesis. LIMITATION : 1. Not all the leaf discs are in good condition or fresh, causing difference in results of the experiment. 2. The number of leaf discs used is not sufficient to measure the rate of respiration. The result obtained is not so reliable and the experiment took a long period to complete. 3. There are other light sources that may affect the result of the experiment and cause it to be inaccurate. SUGGESTION : 1. Only fresh leaf discs that are in good condition should be used. 2. The number of leaf discs used should be increased so that more results can be obtained and the average taken will give a more accurate measurement of the rate or photosynthesis. 3. Conduct the experiment in a dark room which has a minimum source of light so that it wouldnt affect the experiment. CONCLUSION : As a conclusion, when the light intensity increases, the time taken for the leaf discs to rise will be shorter, the rate of photosynthesis of the leaf discs will increase. This is because an increase in light intensity will cause more light to be absorbed by the chlorophyll in the leaf discs and thus, increasing the rate of photosynthesis. However as the light intensity continues to increase, it will have no more effect on the rate of photosynthesis, this is because other factors will become the factors limiting photosynthesis. The hypothesis is accepted.

J&J Automotive Sales

1. Explain how you think the stereotype of used-car dealers developed. Stereotyping is like Building what is not thought to be said about the product, assuming that the used cars certainly will break down and others see it like purchasing used cars is not sensible because of maintaining it will be more expensive instead others will buy a brand new car. 2. What, if anything, can Joe do to counter this stereotype? Joe, say’s that building a good relationship with all his customers is compulsory, and He should be concerned about their Sensitivity and to be aware of their needs and wants for purchasing a suitable car, knowing what is the need of the customer is knowing what is the best car fit to their need. It is also showing concern for them. Joe will spend extra time in his work to achieve great customer satisfaction and high quality. He will also find a way to interact with his customers for future needs. 3. In what ways might this stereotype be beneficial to Joe? To potential customers? Stereotyping could be helpful if it can give Joe a positive effect to increase his sales and customers. To have more potential customers positive stereotyping is helpful; because the sooner customers are satisfied with their own needs the more the effect will encourage their friends to see them that the used car they bought to Joe is good as new but absolutely not as expensive as buying a brand new car. 4. AutoNation is #93 on the 2003 Fortune 500. It has created a huge business by exploiting the public’s perception of used-car dealers. What do you think they have done to change the stereotype? One of the largest retailers in America is Auto Nation, I think what they need to do is to change the awareness of their product to the public. They are more clear to their product and they are setting series of tests and doing over – all set-up to their used cars so that buyers will certainly be satisfied. AutoNation builds its integrity for the public to be aware of how safe and secure their vehicles are that they purchased. Testing others to try their products to know what is slowing their system down, I think they are testing their critics in front of the public to try their product and tell to the public the problem and the perception of the public to that experience will have make it a positive effect Also if the used car will encounter some problems. On this Case Base on the class debate the idea of awareness is people only see what is on the outside and in that scene they are assuming or inferring what is the behavior of an individual only to find out they are wrong.

Differences Between Pr and Advertising Essay

Differences Between Advertising and Public Relations Advertising vs. public relations, these two industries are very different even though they’re commonly confused as being one and the same. The following ten properties just scratch the surface of the many differences between advertising and public relations. 1. Paid Vs Free Coverage * Advertising: The company pays for ad space. You know exactly when that ad will air or be published. For Example: Infosys gives an ad in The Hindu on Wednesdays in the Opportunities column. So it has the liberty and control to opt whether they want to give the ad on a particular Wednesday or not depending on their requirement. * Public Relations: Your job is to get free publicity for the company. From news conferences to press releases, you’re focused on getting free media exposure for the company and its products/services. For Example: Tata Nano is the best example of this. Till now Nano was not advertised and all its publicity is through PR. 2. Creative Control Vs. No Control * Advertising: Since you’re paying for the space, you have creative control on what goes into that ad. Any feature of the ad can be designed according to the way you want to portray the image of your company. For Example: Close-up portrays a youthful image through its advertisements, whereas Cadbury (which earlier had largely targeted the youth) has shifted its focus and now projects its chocolate as something for the whole family to enjoy during times of rejoicing. * Public Relations: You have no control over how the media presents (or misrepresents) information about your organization. For Example: Reliance did not have a control over the news which was published regarding the conflict between Mukesh Ambani and Anil Ambani and had to pay for it in form of loss in the share price (initially). 3. Shelf Life * Advertising: Since you pay for the space, you can run your ads over and over for as long as your budget allows. An ad generally has a longer shelf life than one press release. * Public Relations: You generally submit a press release about a new product once. You only submit a press release about a news conference once. The PR exposure you receive is only circulated once. An editor won’t publish your same press release three or four times in their magazine. 4. Wise Consumers * Advertising: Consumers know when they’re reading an advertisement they’re trying to be sold a product or service. The consumer understands that we have paid to present our selling message to him or her, and unfortunately, the consumer often views the selling message very guardedly. * Public Relations: When someone reads a third-party article written about your product or views coverage of your event on TV, they’re seeing something you didn’t pay for and view it differently than they do paid advertising. Where we can generate some sort of third-party ‘endorsement’ by independent media sources, we can create great credibility for our clients’ products or services. 5. Creativity * Advertising: In advertising, you get to exercise your creativity in creating new ad campaigns and materials. Some jingles in the ad have a long bonding with the product. Few Examples: Surf comes with a series of new ads from time to time. Britannia’s jingle is well remembered and is branded even in its website. * Public Relations: In public relations, you have to have a nose for news and be able to generate buzz through that news. You exercise your creativity, to an extent, in the way you search for new news to release to the media. For Example: Apple iPhone is an example of this. Apple created a huge buzz in the market exercising creativity to and extend and the result was a huge demand for the Iphone much before its release date. 6. Target Audience or Hooked Editor * Advertising: You’re looking for your target audience and advertising accordingly. You wouldn’t advertise a women’s TV network in a male-oriented sports magazine. * Public Relations: You must have an angle and hook editors to get them to use info for an article, to run a press release or to cover your event. . 7. Special Events * Advertising: If your company sponsors an event, you wouldn’t want to take out an ad giving yourself a pat on the back for being such a great company. This is where your PR department steps in. Public Relations: If you’re sponsoring an event, you can send out a press release and the media might pick it up. They may publish the information or cover the event. 8. Writing Style * Advertising: Buy this product! Act now! Call today! These are all things you can say in an advertisement. You want to use those buzz words to motivate people to buy your product. * Public Relations: You’re stric tly writing in a no-nonsense news format. Any blatant commercial messages in your communications are disregarded by the media.